Advertising Light Beer Essay

Our group decided to focus on light beer that is targeted to mainly college students. Since our clients are college students, we wanted to relate to their preferences of mainly inexpensive beer. We agreed to focus on competitors such as Bud Light, Miller Lite, and Coors Light, who all target mainly college students. According to an online article â€Å"Social Media Overview of Coors light, Bud Light, and Dogfish Head Brewery† Coors Light beer is one of the most popular beer brands in North America. Coors Light’s target demographic appears to be college students. After researching Coors Light’s social media we have learned that they do not update their Twitter page on a regular basis. In fact, their first â€Å"tweet† on Twitter was back in October 2009 that wrote, â€Å"Coors light BC is now on Twitter! This is your home base for the most up to date Coors Light Information, check here for event info and more.† Also, the only official Coors Light Twi tter account is named @CoorsLightBC, created from British Columbia and Canada. The article explains that since the creation of the Coors Light account, the company has only achieved a few over four hundred followers, and only having forty nine tweets. When searching, Coors Light on Facebook, the Canadian website appears, which only has a little over one hundred â€Å"likes† and only posted one picture that did not have an explanation beneath it describing the picture. Coors Light makes it difficult for its company to build brand awareness and drive customer engagement, which social media is greatly used to do. Coors Light’s Facebook page is bare and not informative. Since Coors Light targets their beer towards mainly college students, which most college students have Facebook pages, we feel that this puts Coors Light at a disadvantage. Since they are not updating statuses on Facebook or interacting with Facebook friends, they are not building brand awareness or driving customer engagement through this medium. Bud Light is the â€Å"number one selling beer† in the United States, according to an online article from Social Media Overview. Before researching, our group thought that Bud Light and Coors would be heavily involved with social media. However, we were surprised to see that the two large industries do not rely on social media. Bud Light does not have a Twitter account, however Budweiser does. Although Bud Light does not rely on Twitter to promote its beer, Bud Light is active on Facebook. Our group likes the updated format and timeline that Bud Light’s Facebook page has to offer. The pictures are appealing and they have over thousands of â€Å"likes.† The official website offers a place where you can watch the video ads for Bud Light, which was a good thing to include in the site. It also states at the top of the page that it is the official sponsor of the NFL. In addition, Bud Light Platinum has its own page, which it gives descriptions and other interesting information. For example, Bud Light’s well developed page offers Facebook friends chances to win contests along with other promotions. Our group enjoyed reading status updates on Bud Light’s page that tries to engage conversation with Facebook friends. In addition to Bud Light using Facebook frequently, Miller Lite plays an active role using Facebook to communicate with customers. Miller Lite uses its Facebook page to advertise its products, celebrity endorsements, videos, along with contests also. Miller’s Facebook page is easily accessed through visiting Miller Lite’s home website page. When looking for Miller Lite on Twitter, Miller Lite MX and Miller Lite Panama are the first two to appear, which both are in mostly Spanish. However, both Miller Lite Twitter accounts have over one thousand followers, and tweet consistently on a daily basis. We found it confusing trying to find Miller Lite’s U.S. Twitter page, since the other two accounts were in Spanish we did not find Twitter to be very useful to learn about Miller Lite. The Miller Lite website uses celebrity endorsements such as NASCAR driver Brad Keselowski and there is a button to follow Brad on Twitter. There is also a Miller Lite shop where you can purchase hats, t-shirts, etc online. We liked how they had a place on the website where you can find stores that sell Miller Lite near you and locate them. There was also a video blog with the Miller Lite commercials. Our group has learned that many popular and profitable companies do not frequently update their Facebook or Twitter page. However, being involved with social media can benefit companies greatly by giving them the opportunities to build brand awareness and drive customer engagement Works Cited http://patperdue.com/social-media-overview-of-coors-light-budlight-and-dogfish-head-brewery/ http://www.facebook.com/#!/miller.lite3 http://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/BUD-Light-Platinum/270969619613664 http://millerlite.com/ http://www.budlight.com/age_gate.php http://www.coorslight.com/AgeGate/

Sexual Biography

To be honest, I do not remember any milestone or turning point of my sexual biography. My sexual awareness came smoothly and naturally as I grew up. The events I am going to tell will be pretty vague in terms of time order and my feelings. I have no idea when I began noticing that girls and boys have different parts but it was not earlier than my first grade. However, I did notice that there was something from the girls in class that made me blush and acting awkwardly when I had to talk to them.Also, the boys in my fourth grade talked about condom everyday, so I perhaps knew how condom was used, but it would not be a proper way even before I were aware of what a penis could do. I masturbated quite often until I were 14 and had a first relationship. The reason were self masturbated felt good andI thought no one would know about it. But my dad knew eventually. One day he talked to me about it, but in an awkward way. That time I was embarrassed, but I also wondered why he had to behave so unnaturally. He expected me to tell my little brother later on, but I never told him so I bet he did it himself.I read much about masturbation and knew people found it embarrassing themselves when doing it, but I have never thought masturbation was a guilty behavior or some kind of sins. I barely asked my parents about how I was born. Actually we did not talk much about everything. I remember I asked my mom just one time. She pointed at her navel and said I came from that little hole and I believed her. When I was around 12, I still wondered is if girls are interested in taking about boys? Of course I didn’t know what they would do together! I didn’t even wonder if girls masturbate.I thought they were some kind of godlike creature, some kind of angels that don’t do things boys do. But now I know female also want the things male want, although they want less than male do. Also, I liked a girl who was 2 years younger than me in middle school. I was bothered by the fact that I have had wanted a girlfriend in the same age. I thought I should not like that girl, that it was immoral and going against the natural order of the community. I fought against those thoughts and eventually gave up. After that, I didn’t think it immoral anymore†¦ I am recently in a relationship with a young lady who is 2 years younger than me.We have sex and were very clear about premarital sex. Unlike before I now have very clear position about controversial issues such as premarital sex, abortion, gay marriage and transgender. I am also aware of condom, menstruation, pregnancy, masturbation, oral sex and sex positions†¦ The fact were I and my partner agreed not to have sex until marriage, but we failed and committed to intercourse sex 3 times per week. It has been 2 years since we started having sex and it feel good and splendid. But more than that, we feel great and secure since we are together.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Ethics - Essay Example This paper evaluates the two approaches to defining â€Å"ethically bad life†: deontology and teleology. The paper examines each of the two approaches in detail and identifies which of the two can best be used to identify an â€Å"ethically bad life†. The tests the thesis that teleology and the end in question is always the most important thing but it must be done on the backdrop of absolute rules. Deontology The principle of deontology asserts that what is bad and what is good is definite and made up of universal laws which define what is right and what is wrong. The foremost philosopher who propounded the theory of deontology in modern ethics is Immanuel Kant. Kant argued that deontology is â€Å"a moral theory centered around the idea of unconditional duty-based commitment† (Cherkasova, 2012: 2). In other words, what is bad and what is good are absolute. This means that they are definite and they are stated clearly. Thus, an individual taking a decision must r eason and identify what is good and do it. Failure to do what is defined universally as good means an individual has done what is bad. The word deontology is derived from the Greek word â€Å"deon† which means â€Å"duty† (Morrison, 2009). ... Hence, an individual acting in a way and manner that affects a given set of rules has the obligation to identify what is required of him and do it according to the standard of the moral rules and codes. â€Å"Duty is the basic element of all moral actions†, the deontological school of thought assets (Johnstone, 2009: 3). The classical deontology school of thought bases its standard of deriving laws from divine authorities and other spiritual laws (Johnstone, 2009). Thus, what is bad is based on what authoritative religious sources state. Over the years, the deontological school of through grew to embrace nationalistic ethics and systems and today, national laws, moral ethics and international standards form the basis of the definition of â€Å"moral duties† in deontology. Corrigan and Farrell therefore identifies three main features of deontology as a tool for defining what as an ethically bad life (2012). They are: 1. Objectivity: This means that morality is based on u niversal and clear-cut rules and principles and an individual must choose the moral rule that applies in the situation. In this case, the sentiments and/or personal feelings of the individual do not matter. 2. Standardization: Morality sets a standard of what is right and what is wrong. And it applies equally to all people irrespective of their circumstances or situations and hence, what is bad is based on the ability to meet the standard required. Failure to reach the standard makes an act bad. 3. Reasoning: An individual must evaluate all his actions and reason to find what is good and what is bad and do what is good. This is done through critical evaluation of the action and activity (Carr, 2009). Teleology Teleology is an opposite to deontology

Beowulf and J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Essay

Beowulf and J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings - Essay Example However, a deeper study on the two texts also exposes further the similarities in the characters and central themes of the stories. For one, the stories do not just depict collective struggles between good and evil but also the more complicated battle within the self, the internal contradictions within an individual. This may even be the pattern that is the most common of both Beowulf and Lord of the Rings. Tolkien’s first book, evil is presented as an external force and it takes solid determination from the side of the hero to battle this through physical means. Frodo is presented as just an innocent Hobbit who does not have any innate tendency to do evil and who treats evil instead as an external enemy just like other characters in Middle Earth. For the reader, identifying good and evil has been made simple through such a presentation, one that formulates the concept that battling evil is easy because it is an enemy that can be seen and detached from the self. It became conv enient for one mark Gandalf as good and Sauron as evil in Lord of the Rings just Beowulf is and Grendel respectively in Beowulf. However, in the succeeding books in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, the Tolkien began to describe more the internal struggles within. The typical good hero is presented as not really safe from temptations or from the urge to do evil too. The same thing happened in Beowulf when the lead character also experienced the contradictions between good and evil from within. In Tolkien’s book, even the innocent Frodo undergoes the difficulties of dealing the evil side of him that emerged when a ring was in his hand. At this point, the effect of both literary works on the readers is essentially the same. The reader realizes that battling evil and standing up for good is not that simple because evil can also arise from within, from one person’s mind and heart. Apparently, there seems to be a common theme between Tolkien’s story and Beowulf. However , it could not be discerned if the latter’s author really had this in mind, considering that Lord of the Rings is a reflection of Tolkien’s interpretation of Beowulf. It could be said that Tolkien stole the central theme of Beowulf in order to enhance his own literary creation. However, one may question how he actually wrote about Gollum’s character quite close to that of Grendel in Beowulf. Grendel is Cain’s descendant and, therefore, originated from humans despite his powers and great evil. Even Beowulf, whose strength is also remarkable, comes from the human race and therefore shares a common lineage with Grendel. This is not much different from the case of Lord of the Rings antagonist, Gollum. Gollum actually comes from the Middle Earth, with a Hobbit bloodline, particularly those of the Stoors. Frodo Baggins share a similarity with Gollum in this respect because he is the typical Hobbit himself. These specific depictions of common bloodlines and orig ins of characters representing opposite sides in the battle between good and evil emphasize further the theme that the struggle is not always external but internal too; that no one is absolutely free from evil tendencies. In Tolkien’s story, Sauron may be the epitome of evil but it is Gollum who represents best the tendency of Frodo to commit evil. In order to win against the evil represented

Women and Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women and Film - Essay Example In her revised ‘incarnation’ as Madonna, the average American must be enjoying a hearty laugh to look at the badgered hair, unclean strapless taffeta outfits and dotted black leather. It also indicates Madonna’s influence in the fashion world of America in that period. Fashion of the 80s is not just the symbol of change in lifestyles, financial and social status. Rather than the external embellishments, it refers to the inner world of the personalities and gives lessons for the spectators. The director has chosen the utilities like dress, acting mode, talk, interaction and behavior to make the audience understand, what happens when a mask is identified with a real face. The story relates to the psyche of housewives like Roberta who are fed-up with the routine of the middle class with nothing exciting and challenging happening in their lives. In this specific case, Roberta’s hot tub-selling husband ignores her. She desperately wants to come out of the cob-web of life of a stereotype housewife and achieve something sterling in life. She finds excitement in the relationship of Jim and Susan and their style of communication. Destiny plays its part and when Roberta is mistaken for Madonna, she is in a peculiar predicament as she has to survive with Madonna, Jim and her husband and the mob—desperate to know what the truth is! The message of the movie is profound. It highlights the level of desperation and the moves the housewife makes to breathe the air of freedom, when she has to live with her feelings suppressed and where she does not even have the freedom to choose the haircut that she wants. There is a reason why the director chooses the â€Å"free spirit† of Madonna in the movie. In the 80s culture, Madonna has great impact on the world of entertainment in America and her style is most copied, majority of women revere her as the role model. In the culture of the 80s, she is

Hrm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hrm - Essay Example The human resource policies help the organizations in demonstrating both externally and internally whether they are meeting the requirements for ethics, training and diversity as well as the commitments associated with the regulations or the corporate governance (Weick, 1995). The objectives of the project is To understand the importance of domestic human resource policies and multinational human resource policies. To evaluate the similarities between domestic human resource policies and multinational human resource policies. To evaluate the dissimilarities between the domestic human resource policies and multinational human resource policies. Definitions National human resource policy frameworks encourage and support the human resource development procedure within the domestic organizations. It enhances the role of the human resource development for increasing the knowledge and skills of the employees thereby developing higher workplace capabilities (Boddy, 2008). It provides framew ork for the complex functioning within the organizations. The policies help in the development of human resource materials for ensuring consistency and high quality performance. These policies are also effective in supporting and creating the required organizational culture. The human resource policies adapted by the multinational companies for expanding the international sales are known as multinational human resource policies (Rao, 2007). The growth of these organizations along with their expansion in the emerging markets includes immense pressure. It is very important for these organizations to recognize their human resources as they are equally important as the financial assets for maintaining sustainable competitive advantage. Most of the multinational companies do not have effective leadership capital that is required to perform with efficacy in the markets across the world. One reason behind it is the lack of the managerial mobility. It is here that the multinational companie s require human resource policies for solving various issues. The human resource policies help in ensuring that the careers of the employees are developed in terms of both employability and profitability. The multinational companies previously lacked the confidence in the functioning of the human resource department in screening, reviewing and developing the employees for the important designations within the organization. The human resource policies have set a systematic framework for the improved functioning of the organizations in all these aspects. The multinational companies have to adjust with the different cultures in various parts of the world. Maintenance of the policies mentioned in this systematic framework would help in the adaptation of different cultures and coordination with different people belonging to different cultures in various parts of the world. Similarities The human resource policies in domestic as well as multinational organizations have many similarities i n their framework as well as functioning. Based upon the goals, objectives and business strategies of these organizations, the human resource policies are framed for ensuring that the human resource has the talent of meeting the performances and objectives of the organizations. The successful companies, both domestic and multinational, hire their employees very selectively by sourcing the candidates from a wide pool of applicants and

Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Cold War - Essay Example The USSR needs to take a firm stand on the Afghan war. If we cannot, the war may be lost, and soon it will be difficult to contain the internal masses. If the war lasts for another four years, it will easily cripple our already fragile economy. It will be difficult to justify to the subjective masses why we sponsored the war without the necessary capacity to sustain and win it within acceptable time frames. Winning in the nearest future (perhaps one or two years) means that the USSR has to commit more resources to the war, on such a large scale as to beat President Reagan’s enormous funding. While such a move is relatively highly risky and a huge gamble, its success will be the ultimate prize. One serious and immediate concern for your leadership is the growing influence of the US in Western Europe. We understand that the United Kingdom and France are jointly building aerial interception centers and equipment for launching long-range missiles. In fact, our intelligence has gone beyond this public faà §ade and exposed the real reason why the centers are being built. These are centers for launching both ground and aerial attacks on the USSR and conduct aerial surveillance in the country. Without the possible option to bomb these centers down, for the obvious reason we feel we may not amicably bear the escalated consequences of such a move, it is important to set up a counter-station in Eastern Europe for our own protection. Recently, the US has shown greater willingness to engage us in a nuclear war.

Communication law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication law - Essay Example The Brandenburg versus Ohio test was based on three distinct elements of intent, imminence and likelihood and his intent standards were more speech protective as it was in line with the first amendment which prohibits making of any law respecting an establishment of any religion; impeding free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of press and interfering with the right to peaceably assemble (Tanenhaus & Gale, 2008). Sarah Palin’s implications of media manufacturing â€Å"blood libel† to categorize her and other conservatives was more distracting to allude that Jews feed on the Christian blood, from the imminent lawless action test view had a distinct precedential lineages. This is to imply if one stops short of urging upon others that it is their duty or interest to resist the law, one should not be held to have attempted to cause its violation and does not stand for persecution on the incitement or other freedom of speech vio lations. This is to mean from the Tucson’s shooting, the Gifford’s who seemed to be on the Palin’s targeted list through the use of crosshairs an electoral map to denote targeted congressional seats could be the consequential symbolism of shootings that later happened. From the test, the implications and/or the symbolism of the â€Å"crosshairs of gun sight to the Gifford’s’ districts† did not explicitly overrule the bad tendency test but it was more symbolic than actual. From the history of the clear and present danger test, the legitimate role of the symbolic speech controlled government greater latitude in controlling freedom of speech regardless of the governmental interests advanced in suppressing some particular instance of speech. This shows that Palin’s implications passed the intent standards and from the Brandenburg’s test, the constitution guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a state to forbid or pr oscribe advocacy except where such advocacy is directed to incite or produce lawless action. Chilling effect can be described as discouragement of legitimate exercise or inhibition of natural and legal rights through a threat of legal sanction by the court, passing of law and/or threat of lawsuit that cause people to hesitate to exercise the legitimate right (Baker, 2011). The United States’ definition/usage can be viewed as the suppression from the constitutional right to free speech which can be necessitated from the governments’ point of view especially if the speech/discussion has adverse effects on the national security or state integration. For instance, in economies where there are mixed races, the government may limit the use of certain words that imply some sort of racial discrimination against a given race for purposes of national integration. On the other hand, the government might be necessitated to control the media freedom of speech and publications in ca se of a security threat or breach so as avoid public panic or to avoid misinformation in the process of investigation. Professionally or from the business point of view, majority of the businesses are governed by â€Å"business information† that the business fraternity is supposed to keep secret. For instance, multinational companies like Coca cola restrict

Comprehensive Education under re-evaluation Essay

Comprehensive Education under re-evaluation - Essay Example As a result, as is occurring across the western civilizations, the UK is experiencing significant decline when measuring the academic progress of its students. Specifics of the problem were discussed by Terry Hadyn in his essay on the death of comprehensive schools in England and Wales. He cites that although the comprehensive education system was established in 1965 with lofty ideals, the policy has failed to grow the desired fruit. Previous to the 1965 initiative, the country's secondary school system was divided. Students who were more suited for an academic career path were sent to Grammar schools, and those for whom an academic career did not seem suitable were sent to what was called a secondary modern school, or the equivalent of a trade school for apprenticeship, and transition into the lower class working social strata. (Haydn, 2004) However, since the passage of this educational policy, educators have come to realize much more about the educational needs of the children with which they have been entrusted. The modern educational system recognizes that children learn at different rates, just as they mature physically and emotionally at differing rates. Therefore putting children of different levels of educational abilities together, and expecting them to mutually benefit, as if by osmosis, is a policy that is coming to be understood as a bit short sighted. The children are not building social networks across the educational and social differences. Rather the opposite is occurring, and has been occurring increasingly over the past 15 years. The divide between the educational 'haves' and 'have - nots' is growing. The social order that is present outside the classroom is only becoming reinforced in the classroom. As a result, the more academically able children are being slowed down in their progress, and the less academically inclined are no more encouraged to make better progress. If anything, they are becoming resentful, along with their parents, at being bussed 25 miles or more in order to facilitate a quota system for the schools. At the same time comprehensive school policy was being put into place, influences blew across the educational ponds which included linking the educational institution to social trends. The school organization, as seemingly the single most influential element in the child's life, shifted its focus too. The social fabric of the family and close community was breaking down in the post war era. As a result schools picked up the responsibility to address cultural and social learning issues, in addition to their primary goal of creating educated and intelligent students. The result, as mentioned, was a steady decline in the educational quality as measured in academic progress of the student. The student was learning how to feel better, but not taught how to read better. In the UK, by mixing the more academically inclined with those who may prosper better in a trade school environment, educational policy makers expected to bridge socio-economic patterns. If the wealthier, more academically inclined students were allowed to co-exist in a school setting with lower income, more academically challenged students, the belief was that the barriers would be breached, and lower performing students would

Analyse Zara Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Analyse Zara - Case Study Example Other firms also choose to outsource with the objective of enabling the firm reduce its costs through specialization and creating efficiency in the labor and resources of the firm (Porter 1996). Other firms also in the efforts to achieve the same try to gain control over the whole firms through as many departments as possible. This they are likely to achieve by the analysis of its value chain. Such firms are said to have gained such controls over the total production process by initiating in-house production hence and achievement of shorter lead times in production and supplies. Zara is one of the fastest growing cloth retailers and it holds a number of shares in the giant Spanish Inditex Group (Folpe 2000). This part of the group in the clothing industry in Spain has developed a unique business model which has enabled it to qualify as one of the vertically integrated retailers. This it has achieved through the identification of its lines of competition over the rest of the retailers . It shapes such competitive edges into strategic issues an act which has enabled the industry to obtain control of every step of the value chain while only outsourcing only cloths with a longer shelf/fashion lifetime (Birger and Stires 2006). The competitiveness and an organization’s focus on strategic issues in the modern business environment has become of age in strategic management of such organizations. A renowned author in this field is Porter through his five forces of competition where he introduced the ideas of competitive strategy, competitive forces and competitive advantage. This model is based on the fact that an organization’s internal environment that is the resources, capabilities, value addition to the value chain are the components of the organization that are most of the time used to account for its core competencies (Birger and Stires 2006). According to Porter’s model; cost and differentiation are the initial two competitive forces that resu lt into competitive advantage to any given organization. Low cost strategy is derived from the vast cost leadership strategy that is coupled with efficiency and stringent controls to costs (Folpe 2000). For example the high profitability and growth that is witnessed in the Zara industry over time is as a result of lower costs of advertising while adopting a flat organizational structure with superior organization systems and well laid down logistics coupled with efficient use of capital. All these are directed towards provision of efficiency (Porter 1996). The company also adopts differentiation as a competitive forces and strategy to make a difference in its operations. As a source of advantage differentiation ensures that unique brands of the products are offered as well as technology, customer service and products all these aimed at making the firm gain a bigger share of the market. Zara industry as one of the famous and fast growing firms in Spain is based on its strengths and s peed in designing and merchandising the products in stores. As compared to other firms in the turbulent fashion industry, Zara products are able to reach the stores in a record time of only 5 weeks as opposed to nine months of other firms in the industry (Folpe 2000). This fast response to the market is achievable due to the differentiation strategy in the

Individual Assigment Essay Example for Free

Individual Assigment Essay Narration: The world of technology has evolved over the years, and that means the need for technology has increased as well. Businesses have evolved over time with the use of technology, it allows us to shop, sell, trade, and function overseas. As I read over your business plan it seems that it is designed to compete in the local market, as well as add value to the community. Technology will play a huge part in both, it allows you to create and implement a plan that will help increase profit and customer satisfaction. As your business will compete in the local market, you will need to consider implementing Enterprise 2.0 or Web 2.0. Both Enterprise 2.0 and Web 2.0 offer many benefits to help your company succeed and grow with the ever changing economy and local market, both will allow your company to widen your market from county to county, state to state and even other countries. Enterprise 2.0 The attributes of Enterprise 2.0 practices can be very useful and sufficient in brainstorming, sharing, and evaluating ideas by utilizing enterprise social networking. Enterprise 2.0 helps business decrease IT costs by decreasing the amount of hardware and software that is needed (McAfee, 2010). Enterprise 2.0 would be a good asset to your business, it would keep it cost down and allow the marketing that you need to be competitive in your local market. Web 2.0 Web 2.0 also has many beneficial factors that would also be a good asset to your company, it includes social networking sites that would create great marketing tools, it allows you to create website which can also be a great tool for marketing and it allows you the user to be in control over the data  used. Web 2.0 offer rich user experience, user participation, scalability, and freedom. Web 2.0 offers a wide variety of marketing tools as well as creating a safe and valuable way to increase profit, and safe guard your assets (McAfee, 2010). .

Catch Me if You Can Essay Example for Free

Catch Me if You Can Essay Theory q 325 Karla Pope Catch Me if You Can Catch Me if You Can is a movie based off the true story of Frank Abagnale, Jr, who mpersonated a Pan Am Air pilot, a pediatric doctor, and a lawyer, and accumulated over 2. 8 million dollars through these impersonations as well as check fraud all betore his nineteenth birthday. The movie starts ott as a game snow where the contestants question three men all dressed as airline pilots, one of them being the real Frank Abagnale Jr. Through a series of cut sceens, we see young Frank as a teenager living happily in a big house with his mother, a French woman named Paula Abagnale, and his American military veteran father, Frank Abagnale, Sr. This appiness was soon cracked, however, as the family runs into trouble with the IRS, forcing them to move out of their home and into a smaller apartment. Paula, dissatisfied with her new life, ends up cheating on her husband with his best friend and eventually filing for divorce. When she tries to get her son to choose between the two of them, he freaks out and runs away. While struggling to live on his own, Frank runs out of money, starting him down his path as one of the youngest con artists during his time. After getting turned down from the bank after trying to cash his very irst fake check, he decides to impersonate a Pan Am Air pilot, conning the company into giving him a uniform while forging his credentials and passport. After gaining too much publicity doing this, he ends up pretending to be a pediatric doctor in Georgia, where he falls in love with a girl named Brenda, who thinks hes a doctor as well as a lawyer from Harvard. He ends up resigning as a lawyer to protect his identity after a real Harvard graduate at the firm started poking around into his background. He eventually is forced to run again as he realizes that FBI Agent Carl Hanratty, who has been chasing after him this whole time, is onto him again, escaping to Europe where he is eventually found by Carl in France, printing his own checks. After spending about a year in Perpignan Prison, Carl got him deported back to America. After trying to escape upon learning that his father died, he was caught in front of his mothers new house and went to prison. Eventually, after helping Carl with a check fraud case, Frank is transferred from prison into FBI custody to work under Carls supervision. When he becomes bored, he tried to run again, but nevitably returns after a confrontation with Carl at the airport, continuing to help catch con men and check fraud with his experience. There are many theories in this movie, but the primary, main one that was obvious to me was Rational Choice theory. With Rational Choice theory is defined the view that crime is a function of a decision- making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act. . What this means is that the criminal (or would be criminal) is faced with a choice due to the set of circumstances that he is in and weighs the ros and cons of an act that he/she knows is wrong. In this movie, Frank is faced with many choices due to different circumstances that all lead back to his first act of desperation. When his parents try and force him to choose between them, he instead runs away, staying in a hotel as he tries to get himself together. When he runs out of money, he is kicked out, leaving him with a dilemma. How to get more money so he can live? There are many options open to him, but he chooses check fraud because not only does he see it as the easiest way to survive, but also the best way that he knows to get money. However, after his check is rejected, he turns instead to impersonating a Pan Am pilot after seeing one sign autographs to a small child outside the bank. After acquiring a uniform from the company by saying that he lost his, he forges his credentials and passports after he creates a fake, Pan Am Air salary check and successfully cashing it in. His need for money to survive on his own drives these decisions to act on these illegal activities, outweighing the cost ne will end up paying for committing them. Part of the Rational Choice Theory is whatever techniques the criminal learns and perfects to avoid detection from authorities. Franks first run in with authority is when FBI Agent Carl Hanratty tracks him through his forged Pan Am bills toa hotel he was staying at. In Frank and Carls first meeting, Frank impersonates a Secret Service agent named Barry Allen (after The Flash) when confronted by Carls gun, convincing the agent long enough in order for him to escape. After his close call, he retires to Georgia, where he impulsively convinces the hospital and town that he is a Harvard medical doctor after meeting a new, young nurse named Brenda, whom he ends up falling in love with. The branch that Frank as assigned to was chief doctor of the pediatric ward, where they dont do much work. The motivation behind this was to get closer to Brenda, whom he had an attraction to when he first met her. His growing love for Brenda outweighs the consequences that come with impersonating a doctor, as well as the potential lives hell endanger under his care. He also passes the bar exam to become a lawyer after Brenda introduces him to her parents as such. He eventually has to run again, however because both the firm and Carl are putting pressure on him. He assumes his pilot identity again. In the beginning of the film, with the game show, fake Frank 1 says that the reason he chose to pretend to be each of these professions was because he was young and needed money, and that, instead of actually trying to legally go through the training to BE a pilot, doctor, or lawyer was because it seemed easier than to go through all that trouble. Another theory that I see present in this movie is Social Control Theory. Social Control Theory is when people commit illegal acts when the bindings of the society they live in are either weakened or broken. When we see Frank when he was ounger, he was in a good school living in a big house with his American veteran father and French mother. His father was a part of the rotary club and was inducted as a lifetime member, giving him great status in the community. However, he had problems with the IRS, and was denied a business loan. This led them to give up their house and move into a much smaller apartment. While this isnt considered illegal, Paula, Franks mother cheated on her husband, Frank Sr. , with his best friend and eventually filed for a divorce so she could marry his friend. This was largely due to the fact that she was used to living a larger life with Frank Sr. nd when they were forced to move because of money problems, she grew dissatisfied. When Frank Jr. finds out about the divorce, they try to get him to choose between two of them, he freaked out and ran away. This led to the decisions he would make in the future as his need for money to survive increased. Some other elements of this, mainly the self-control portion, is also seen in this movie. There is a scene when he is pretending to be a doctor in Georgia when a little boy with an injured leg is brought in. Since he hasnt the first clue as to how to fix the childs leg, he talks his interns into oing it by using the language he heard off of a medical tv show before running off and throwing up in the sink of the bathroom. It was clear that he knew his boundaries in this role and, instead of making it worse and possibly endangering the childs life, he had the people under him that actually had training in this fix the boys leg. One thing that I could also see in the film was a form of Social Learning Theory. Social learning theory is when a criminal learns their trade by watching more experienced peoples actions. In one instance, his father was taking him to the bank and stopped by a tuxedo store. Even though the store was closed, his father managed to con the lady into opening the shop for them so that he could buy his son a suit to make him look presentable by presenting the woman with a necklace he had found outside in the parking lot. Frank tried to use this same technique later, the first attempt, trying to cash his first forged check, was unsuccessful, but his second, tricking a flight while pretending to be a Pan Am pilot, was successful. Another element of this theory is when he decided to impersonate a Pan Am pilot. He studied as much as he could about the paychecks a pilot received, how much they make, even anaging to get a hold of an expired FFA license from a former pilot he was interviewing for a school article and the check template for their pay checks . Elements of Neutralization Theory techniques are also in this movie. Neutralization Theory states that a criminal must learn and master techniques that enable them to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, which enables them to drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior. Some of the elements of this theory include respect and admiration for honest, civilian people such as baseball layers, priests, teachers, or in this case, fathers. Frank was always trying to make his father proud throughout the movie, sending him letters of his glamorized accomplishments, meeting his father for lunch in his pilot uniform, even giving his father an expensive car with the money he had earned. Another person he looked up to was Carl Hanratty himself. He called Carl every Christmas, seeming to look up to him as a father fgure, even though Carl was trying to apprehend him. He even placed his complete trust in Carl when the agent finally caught up to him and placed im under arrest. Another element of Neutralization Theory is when criminals of this nature conform to the same social obligations as the rest of society. Frank can be seen hosting a party at the house he lived in with many, many young, privileged people over, socializing with most all of them. There are also some small incidents of Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory in this movie. Social Reaction Theory explains criminal careers in terms of stigma-producing encounters. One such encounter is after Frank quits being both a doctor and a lawyer and goes back to impersonating a Pan Am pilot. He does a follow up interview with the former air pilot, and in this he learn that the press has found out about him and wrote about him in the paper. When he finds out they call him the Airway Man, the James Bond of the Sky, he goes out and watches one of the Bond movies in the theater. After this, he is inspired to go out and get an exact replica of the suit, even doing and almost exact impersonation of Bond in the film. This seems to boost his ego extremely high. In the end, however, he is caught by Carl in his mothers hometown in France and is convinced to turn himself in. He spends a few years in Perpignan Prison before Carl comes to get him. He is sick due to the living conditions, and fakes a faint in order to get out of the Jail cell and tries to escape. He is caught, however, and taken back to the USA, where, after two more attempted escapes, one where he is caught and the other when Carl confronts him but refuses to catch him, comes and works at the FBI in the check fraud unit under Carls supervision.

Ibandronate vs. Alendronate for Osteoporosis

Ibandronate vs. Alendronate for Osteoporosis Cost-Effectiveness of Ibandronate vs. Alendronate used in treatment of osteoporosis, in a specialized clinic in Tirana. Dr. Mirela Miraà §i1; Msc.Arlinda Demeti2; Prof.as Zamira Ylli3; Prof.Mira Zià §ishti3; Prof.As Suela Kellià §i1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Tirana. Bioparafarmacia Franceze Neostyle Clinic Abstract: Osteoporosis is â€Å"a systemic skeletal disease with a high prevalence. Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drugs (ibandronate and alendronate) used in osteoporosis treatment, in post-menopausal women over the age of 50 years at a specialized clinic in Tirana; to calculate the annual cost of treatment of osteoporosis and to perform a cost effectiveness analyze. Methods: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, with T-score -1 to -6, treated with alendronate or ibandronate. The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av. % of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. The annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols and the cost of the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) were calculated. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness was performed. Conclusion:  Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate. Ibandronate is more cost effective than all other alendronate . Introduction: Osteoporosis is â€Å"a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures† (1) The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as â€Å"bone density 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean for young white adult women at lumbar spine, femoral neck or forearm†. (2) Osteoporosis leads to nearly 9million fractures each year worldwide and over 300,000patients with fragility fractures are registered in UK hospitals each year (British Orthopaedic Association, 2007).(3) Osteoporoza, à «shtà « njà « sà «mundje me njà « prevalencà « tà « lartà « edhe nà « Shqipà «ri (7.28% e popullatà «s dhe 9.6% tek femrat)4, e njà «jtà « me atà « tà « hasur pà «r astmà «n apo sà «mundjet e zemrà «s; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Direct medical costs due to fragility fractures in UK healthcare economy were estimated at  £1.8billion in 2000, with the potential to increase to  £2.2billion by 2025 and the major part of these costs were related to hip fracture care. (5) The annual cost of osteoporosis and fractures in the US elderly was estimated at $16 billion(6) Osteoporosis is diagnosed by a T-score, which is the number of standard deviation (SD) that patient’s bone mineral density (BMD), measured using dualX-ray absorptiometry, differs from the mean BMD of 30-years old premenopausal women. Patients with T-score of between -1 and -2.5 SD are said to have osteoporosis.7,8 Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture.9-15 Top of Form Methods: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, 50 years old or elder, with T-score -1 to -6, diagnosed for the 1rst time in 2010 (the 1rst BMD measurement), who have received treatment (alendronate or ibandronate) for 12 months and in 2011 have performed a 2nd BMD measurement. The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av.% of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. It was calculated the annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols: with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D) and once weekly 70 mg alendronate (4 times per month) plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D). There are also included other direct costs such as the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) to determine the diagnosis and the medical visits. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness will be performed. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 statistical package. It is used the non-parametric Man Whitney U test to compare the continuous variables, Fisher Exact test was used to compare proportions between variables and the the Odds Ratio OR for assessing the association between variables. Point estimations are accompanied with interval estimation by 95 % CI. For continuous variables is presented the average, the standard deviation and the minimum and maximum values. The level of statistical significance is defined at ÃŽ ± ≠¤ 005. Statistical tests are two-sided.duhet te shihet gjuha e perdorur, a qendron ne anglisht? Results of the study In our study were included 70 patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria. 24 patients were treated with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate and 46 patients with once weekly 70 mg alendronate.There were not case of fracture among our patients. Table 1 compares the frequency of pathologies (osteopenia and osteoporosis) in two groups of patients treated with alendronat or ibandronat. Osteoporosis Osteopenia Ibandronate 14 10 Alendronate 18 28 OR= 1.3 95%CI 0.5 4.2 p=0.4 Your contribution will be used to improve translation quality and may be shown to users anonymously Contribute Close Thank you for your submission. Number of patients treated with alendronate is 1.3 times higher than the number of patients treated with ibandronate in the case of osteoporosis. (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.5-4.2, p = 0.4). Chart 1 Calculation of efficiency We have to calculate the average percentage of change of BMD (2011) to baseline (2010): Table2. In the group of Alandronate (N=46) we have found this data: Osteoporosis n=18 Osteopeni n= 28 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p T Score 2010 -3.2 (0.7) -4.6 -2.5 -1.9 (0.4) -2.4 -1.1 507.0 T Score 2011 -3.1 (0.8) -4.7 -2.2 -1.8 (0.6) -2.4 -1.1 515.5 Age, yrs 61.2 (8.0) 51.0 – 79.0 59.1 (7.8) 51.0 – 81.0 223.5 0.3 Height, m 1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6 1.5 (0.07) 1.4 – 1.7 304.5 0.3 Weight, kg 58.8 (8.3) 46.0 – 73.0 68.6 (11.1) 51.0 – 95.0 376.5 0.01 *Age-Group, yrs n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) 50 -59 yrs 8 (17) 19 (41) 60 -69 yrs 7 (15.2) 6 (13.0) 1.6 0.4 – 6.7 0.4 >70 yrs 3 (7) 3 (7) 2.8 0.4 – 25.2 0.3 *Fisher exact test p=0.3 There are 46 patients treated with alendronate. 18 ( 39.1 %) (95% ; CI 29.7 52.1) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 28 ( 60.9 % ) (95 % CI 47.8 74.2) from osteopenia, with no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9 Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeà § ka 1.6 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajnà « nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=1.6; 95%CI 0.4–6.7; p=0.4) Grupmosha >70 vjeà § ka 2.8 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajnà « nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=2.8; 95%CI 0.4–25.2; p=0.3) Pacientet me Osteopeni kanà « peshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteoporozà «, me ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=376.5, p=0.01) Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « tà « njà «jtà «n gjatà «si mesatare me pacientà «t me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndesishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=304.5, p=0.3). The change from baseline for Alendronate group The change from baseline is calculated: Table 3 Osteoporosis n=18 Osteopenia n= 28 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9 1.7 (6.2) -23 – 11.1 316.0 0.2 Patients with osteopenia have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteoporosis, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 316.0, p = 0.2). Table 4. In the group of Ibandronate (N = 24) we have find this data: Osteoporosis n=14 Osteopeni n= 10 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p T Score 2010 -3.7 (0.7) -5.0 -2.7 -1.8 (0.3) -2.2 -1.4 140.0 T Score 2011 -3.2 (0.8) -4.4 -1.7 -1.5 (0.4) -2.1 -1.0 134.5 Age yrs 64.3 (7.3) 53.0 77.0 59.1 (5.0) 53.0 – 68.0 39.5 0.07 Height (m) 1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6 1.5 (0.06) 1.4 – 1.6 71.0 0.9 Weight 66.2 (10.9) 47.0 – 84.0 70.7 (7.1) 65.0 – 82.0 90.5 0.2 *Age-group, yrs n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) 50 -59 yrs 3 (12.5) 6 (25.0) 60 -69 yrs 8 (33.3) 4 (16.7) 3.7 0.6 – 27.8 0.2 >70 yrs 3 (12.5) 0 13 0.5 – 33.0 0.03 *Fisher exact test p There are 24 patients treated with Ibandronate. 14 (58.3%), (95% CI 33.2-76.5) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 10 (43.7%), (95% CI 23.4-61.7) of osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9. Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « njà « moshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteopeni, por pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=39.5, p=0.07). Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « tà « njejtà «n gjatà «si mesatare me pacientet me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndermjet tyre (Man Whitney U=71.0, p=0.9) Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeà § ka 3.7 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajà « nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=3.7; 95%CI 0.6–27.8; p=0.2). Grupmosha >70 vjeà § ka 13 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajà « nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà § me ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=13; 95%CI 0.5–33.0; p=0.03). Pacientà «t me Osteopeni kanà « peshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteoporozà «, por pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=90.5, p=0.2) The change from baseline for Ibandronate group (N=24) The change from baseline is calculated: Table5 Osteoporosis n=14 Osteopenia n= 10 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3 3.3 (2.2) -1.3 – 6.3 43.0 0.1 Patients with osteoporosis have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 43.0, p = 0.1) Comparison of change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis referring the two drugs. Table 6. Alendronate n=18 Ibandronate n= 14 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9 7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3 66.0 Chart 2. The change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « tà « mjekuar me medikamentin Ibandronat kanà « njà « ndryshim mesatar nga baseline mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientet e mjekuar me Alendronat, me ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndesishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=66.0, p Table 7. Percentages of the average change of BMD from baseline Total Osteoporosis Ostopenia Alendronate 1.83564848 2.081694 1.677476 Ibandronate 5.635355 7.27025 3.346503 Chart 3. Nga figura rezulton se efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat (5.6) à «shtà « dukshà «m mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.8). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientà «t me osteoporozà « (7.3) à «shtà « dukshà «m mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (2.1). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientà «t me osteoponi (3.3) à «shtà « mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.7). Cost analysis We consider only direct costs such as: DXA scanner examinations, medical visits and medications costs (drugs and the supplements), according to a well-defined treatment protocol. In Albania, there is only one kind of ibandronate (only one brand) 150 mg / once a month, while there are lots of alendronate (different brands) 70 mg / 4 times per month, which we have called A1,A2,A3, A4,A5. We have calculated the costs of the only ibandronate and the costs of five types of alendronate, including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market. In both cases the basic treatment is associated with calcium and vitamin D. Table 8 Annual Cost of treatment and cost of examination Nr Currency Quantity Cost Month Annual Costs 1 Diagnostics skaner DXA Lek1 1 4,000 4,000 Medical examination 1 1,000 1,000 2 Type of Alendronat 70mg A1 lek 4 3,410 12 40,920 A2 lek 4 2,093 12 25,116 A3 lek 4 3,301 12 39,612 A4 lek 4 4,102 12 49,224 A.5 (Albanian Product) lek 4 1,200 12 14,400 3 Ibandronat 150 mg lek 1 4,873 12 58,476 4 Calcium Carbonat 1000 mg + Colecalciferol 880 UI lek 30 1,019 12 12,228 Table 9 Cost of illness according the type of medications Type of Alendronat 1+2+4 Annual costs A1 lek 58,148 A2 lek 42,344 A3 lek 56,840 A4 lek 66,452 A5 lek 31,628 Type of Ibandronat 1+3+4 Annual costs I1 lek 75,704 The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market, respectivly 537[1] euro versus 226 euro per patient in alendronate group. Having all the annual costs and the efficiency for each drug, we can compare: Table 10 Name (Changes by baseline in %) Efficiency of alendronate 1.83565 Efficiency of ibandronate 5.63536 Table11 Type of treatment C/E Alendronate A1 31,677 A2 23,068 A3 30,965 A4 36,201 A5 17,230 Ibandronate 13,434 The analyse of cost per efficiency unit (Table 10) shows that in the case of ibandronate the value obtained is 13.434 units and in alendronate A1 case is 31.677 units. Discussion of results Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p 16 The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate A1 and 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market. So as claimed, the cost for effectiveness unit is lower (about 2.3 times) in the case of ibandronate compared to alendronate A1. Well ibandronate results the most cost- effective. Ibandronate turns more cost effective than all other alendronate including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market Literature Christiansen, C. (1993). Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis,and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–50. Kanis, J.A. (1994). Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening forPostmenopausal Osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva: World HealthOrganization. Johnell O, Kanis JA (2006) An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis International 17: 1726–33. Dorina Ruco,(Dhjetor 2011): Osteoporoza nà « qytetin e Tiranà «s British Orthopaedic Association (2007).The care of patients with fragility fracture. Burge RT, Worley D, Johansen A, et al. The cost of osteoporotic fractures in the UK: projections for 2000–2020. Journal of Medical Economics 4: 51–52. Blume SW,Curtis JR Osteoporos Int.2011 Jun;22(6):1835-44. doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1419-7. Epub 2010 Dec 17. Medical costs of osteoporosis in the elderly Medicare population. BMJ Group. Annual zoledronic acid for osteoporosis. Drug Ther Bull. 2008 Dec;46(12):93-6. Cummings SR, Melton LJ. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 2002;359:1761e7. Delmas PD. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 2002;359:2018e26. Hochberg MC, Ross PD, Black D, et al. Larger increases in bone mineral density during alendronate therapy are associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1246e54. Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, et al. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1586e92. Epstein S. The roles of bone mineral density, bone turnover, and other properties in reducing fracture risk during antiresorptive therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:379e88. McClung MR, Wasnich RD, Recker R, et al. Oral daily ibandronateprevents bone loss in early postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:11e8. Rosen CJ. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353: Miller PD,Epstein S,Sedarati F,Reginster JY Once-monthly oral ibandronate compared with weekly oral alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the head-to-head MOTION study. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042311

Invisible Man Essay: Searching for Black Identity in a White World

Invisible Man: Searching for Black Identity in a White World      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man was published at a time when America was racially divided.   The novel presents the theme of the lack of black identity – a theme supported by the fact that the protagonist, Invisible Man, has no name.   The reader knows the names of Dr. Bledsoe, Ras-the-Exhorter, Brother Jack and others - but the reader does not know the name of the main character.   Ellison's leaves it to the reader to decide who he is and, on a larger scale, how white America perceives black America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ellison's use of color is interesting.   He uses color to contrast the differences between black and white America.   Ellison describes the Tuskegee campus as a "world of whiteness", Dr Bledsoe's wife as having a "creamy-complexion", and the main character's lover's arm as "one ivory arm flung above her jet-black hair".   This contrast is used throughout the book and reminds the reader that race is an important issue in America.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Chapter 2 the main character is a junior in college and feels good about his life.   Dr Bledsoe, the dean of Tuskegee Institute, assigns him to drive for an old white trustee named Mr. Norton and to make sure he gets to his meetings on time.   On one particular day Mr. Norton asks the boy to show him around.   Mr. Norton knows little of the surrounding area.   This foreshadows trouble for the young man.   What the boy failed to understand is that Dr. Bledsoe doesn't want Mr. Norton or any other white trustee to see the community surrounding the campus.   Unaware of this the boy takes the first road he encounters and immediately they see a poor black farmer named Trueblood.   At a time when most blacks are living in poverty, Tru... ... the status quo, challenging the reader to see beyond skin color.   Only through realizing the truth about race, gender, and class warfare can we, as a nation, free ourselves from the shackles of prejudice.   Works Cited and Consulted: Bishop, Jack. Ralph Ellison. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Bellow, Saul. "Man Underground" Review of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man. Commentary. June 1952. 1st December 2001 Available: http://www.english.upeen.edu/~afilreis /50s/bellow-on-ellison.html Ellison, Ralph.   Invisible Man.   Vintage International.   New York: Random House, Inc., 1947. Fabre, Michel. "In Ralph Ellison's Precious Words." Unpublished Manuscript. 1996. 30 November. <http://www.igc.org/dissent/archive/ Ellison/early.html O'Meally, Robert, ed. New Essays on Invisible Man. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Islamic Criminal Justice Essay -- Religion Criminal Law

Comparative Criminal Justice System Criminal Law has and will continue to be a fluid and ever-changing aspect of humanity, and yet the distinctive base of religious belief is still a foundation for a variety of laws today. While the separation of church and state is in effect, history states a wide range of laws have been established based on religious beliefs and ideals, the Bible for one, and currently the Qur’an, which is the basis for Islamic Law. It is the only true form of law in the present time that is not backed by a Government because it is a form of law based completely on religion. The two primary sources of the Islamic Law stem from the Shari’s and the Sunnah, the Shari is the law defined by God, or Allah, and told directly to Gods’ prophet on Earth, Muhammad. The Sunnah, the second factor in Islamic Law deals with the issues not addressed in the Qur’an, yet is still in the word of the Prophet. â€Å"In a few Islamic countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Sudan, it is proclaimed as the basis for all law, including the harsh Islamic criminal law based on the ideal of retribution† (Fairchild & Dammer 2001 P. 61). Also stated in the text Comparative Criminal Justice Systems by Fairchild and Danner is the four distinct types of schools in the belief of Islamic Law: â€Å"There are four major schools of Islamic Law, derived from religious leaders living in different areas and facing different problems in the two centuries following the death of Muhammad. These schools are Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafi’i. The main differences between these schools are in matters of emphasis, whether on tradition, judicial reasoning, or the elaboration of the Qur’an† (2001 P.62). Therefore in the following paper the obj... ...w, but in Afghanistan it is just the opposite it is difficult to try to change Islamic Law especially in a country where many individuals truly believe in Islamic Law. Islamic law does not exist in very many countries but in Afghanistan those who follow the Islamic laws keep it alive and well which will make it difficult for the government if they wish to change anything within the Islamic laws of Afghanistan. References Dammer,Harry R. & Fairrchild, Erika. (2001). Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. (2nd Ed.) Wadsworth/Thomson. Lau, Martin. (2008). Islamic Law and the Afghan legal System. Retrieved on December 12, 2008 From: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN018244.pdf Reiber, Ney. (2008). Islamic Law, Shariah. Retrieved on December 12, 2008 from: http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-kills-islamic-law-shariah.htm

Patterns In Medicinal Advertising :: essays research papers

One of the most innovative trends in print advertising is medicine advertisement. The content of these particular advertisements (ads) are intriguing to me. I intend to analyze five medicinal ads to find the tools used by advertisers and to explore the positive and negative aspects of advertising medicine through print ads for the public. The people who develop ads to market prescription medicine products must have an inkling of what the reader wants to see. For instance, the ads in a parenting magazine most often target mothers. The ads in a sports magazine predominately target athletes. How do the advertisers know what the reader will respond to? Patterns are tools that help us to narrow our thinking down and put thoughts into categories that we identify with. Patterns allow us to store information in blocks so that we do not have to relearn information that has already been learned. Some patterns are universal and most people have some categories or patterns that other people have. An example of a universal human pattern is using language to communicate. Other patterns that we have, may be derived from our own experience and unlike those of others. Patterns are useful in advertising because advertisers can target their reader by tapping into specific categories. Perception is a person's understanding of the information they receive. Depending on their experience or their understanding they will categorize their perception and in turn it will become a thought pattern. For instance when a person talks to a priest their perception of him may be that he is perfect or does not sin. They may categorize all priests this way and not judge them in the way that they would any person who is not a priest. I feel that patterns and perception work hand in hand. Sometimes patterns are formed based on perception, sometimes perception is based on a pattern. What came first the chicken or the egg? I'm not quite sure, but I do know they affect each other. Ads are designed by using patterns that target a specific audience. The reader's perception of the product may form exclusively based on the ad. The patterns that I noticed specifically amongst the five medicine ads that I've chosen to analyze is the break through effect. In one ad there was a woman with her child and they were breaking through glass. Another ad featured a woman and her child with clear blue skies breaking through the clouds above.

Ghost Story

It was a cold starlit sky when a couple decided to steal a pawn shop which had many jewellery from different type of countries. It was located in an unusual part of the town where people do not often visit as it has a very strange atmosphere in the air. ‘Quick, Quick' said the man grabbing his woman by her wrist and dragging her behind. ‘He's coming, we must disappear before he sees us'. The man held his girl girlfriend very tightly by her arm, who was struggling to run with a heavy load on her back. As the couple hurried along the cold chilling street they slipped into an ally and began to catch there breath. Then came a rather large grotesque looking man charging from his shop, looking from left to right. The man was around six foot tall, rather heavy eyebrows, with many scars across his neck and a right eye which had an irregular white colour inside. As he looked into the dark misty sky he gave an almighty roar which sent vibrations through the heart of the couple. His face turned from one colour to another and as he clenched his fist he then swore to take revenge on the thieves. At this moment of time his humanity was questioned as he looked like he was indestructible. The couple in the alleyway stared at one another in the face, heart beating to the second regretting they even stepped outside the shop. As they were in a cul-de-sac they were too afraid to leave the ally and make an escape. The couple muttered words under there breaths as if they were planning an escape. The man then went back inside the shop and slammed the door which then sent a shudder through the couples body. As the couple went into the streets, they heard a little tap of footsteps in the alley which they were hiding in. The woman stopped and turned towards the alley where there was a dark shadowed figure in the mysteriously gloomy corner filled with a thick dark mist as if she was attracted to it. As the woman curiously stared in the corner, the man held hand and gradually pulled her away from it. As she exited the alleyway she heard a deep, slow trembling voice ‘Where do you think you are going'. As she heard this voice it started to make her think she was hearing something in her head but soon she and the man realised something was in the corner. You aren't going to escape' and then in a slightly decrepit voice ‘It is yours to keep forever'. The woman who then looked in her bag to see what it meant, as she scurried through her bag there she found a black box which began to glow as soon as she picked it up. As soon as she picked it up the creature laughed in a creepy way and all that was heard was a screeching hissing noise. The woman immediately dropped the beautiful black box which then opened, containing a necklace with a dark mist filled black stone hanging from it. This is when the man decided he had enough, grabbed the bag containing the rest of the jewellery and prompted the woman to leave. As they decided to leave she couldn't help but pick up the gold necklace and put in safely in the box. ‘I'm going to throw this back, we don't need it' As she dumped the necklace in the gutter, the couple left the scene of the robbery and they decided to take a taxi. As the car arrived the woman was adamant on taking a taxi but nevertheless decided to go in. As the man entered the taxi he was too occupied in the jewellery but when the woman sat down she looked in disbelief what was on the seat in front of her. The glowing black box was shining like a star and as she opened it, it contained a note ‘Get Rich Or Die Trying. ‘ As soon as she finished reading the note the taxi driver who was the shop owner then turned back and cackled in a callous, cold-blooded way ‘REMEMBER ME' and drove the car down into the banks of a countryside where a low, lurid lake awaited the coming of the notorious thieves.

QCF Level 2 Health and Social Care Diploma Group A: Mandatory Units Knowledge Workbook Essay

hear the contrary reasons bulk communicate.People communicate to emit necessarily,feelings,ideas,ask read/write heads,sh ar experiences explain how effective converse affects every(prenominal) aspects of bind proceedEffective communication helps to fancy lymph glands needs condone why it is important to witness an souls re executeions when communicating with them hear moredescribe the components of a singular(a)istalised winment planBecause I skunk whop from the reactions how the mortal feels(happy,pain),if the psyche understand what I am assay to say,if the person is interested in conversationSHC022 demonstration to ad hominem developing in health, hearty rush or childrens and youthful peoples settings discover what is infallible for competence in give birth work intent (1.2,1.3)Identify standards that influence the direction the role is carried outThis standarts are including in health and base hitty act 1974,Moving and Hnadling Guidelines,Ha sawa,Riddor,Coshh knead out steerings to en indisputable that in-person attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the shade of work.Treat everyone equaly)no difference in agitate,religion,race)Be able to reflect on own work activities (2.1) relieve why reflecting on make is an important way to develop knowledge, skills and practice.Reflecting on practise helps me to collect what I am doing good,where(in which areas)I need advice or more trainingBe able to have a personal development plan (3.1, 3.2)Identify sources of nominate for own knowledge and development.-Self facts of life (internet,books)-Meetings with supervisory program and more training secernate the process for agreeing a personal development plan and who should be twisting.In personal development plan should be involved suprvisor and I. For this plan I have to know what I want to learn,what my tar come outs are and update with supervisor to see how big betterment Ive done and what needs to be intensifydProfession al discussion with Assessor on SHC022Candidate hint Assessor signature SHC023Introduction to equivalence and inclusion in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings generalize the importance of equivalence and inclusion (1.1,1.2,1.3) rationalize what is meant bya) diversity=diference(that everyone is unique and divers(prenominal))b) equality=treat the people on comparable way(and treating people in way distinguish to their needs)c) inclusion=including(inclusion is almost giving a fair chance to be include without variation)d) discrimination=wrong judgement ground on sex,religion,rase,disability(leave soulfulness out of the group because of judgement) define ways in which discrimination whitethorn deliberately or unwittingly occur in the work setting.For mannikin-bus driver wont permit wheelchair user and carer into the bus because he doesnt want to make ready the force for wheelchair-carer and client will be different religion and client will keep ba ck own festive days(of religion) just wont allow carer do restrain hers/his religion festive days let off how practices that support equality and inclusion get down the likelihood of discrimination.Be display case-to show the humans right attidude towards discrimination (for voice support wheelchair user whos discriminated by refusing see into bus)Be able to work in an inclusive way (2.1, 2.3)Identify legislation, codes of practice and organisational polices and performances (where these exist) relating to equality, diversity, discrimination and rights in own role.-Disability discrepancy Act-Human Rights Act 1998-Employment equality regulations 2003-Special education need and disability act 2000-The sex discrimination Act 1975Describe how to guide on exception discrimination in a way that promotes change.action=do something when I see discrimination and not to ignore it question it=ask why and discus itBe able to access information, advice and support some diversity, equa lity and inclusion (3.1)Describe situations in which additional information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion whitethorn be needed. at that places different methods of obtaining information on diversity,equality and inclusion. -goverment web site (list of all actual legislations to harbor the rights of individuals -age UK group (can supply materials to pass by out to client )I may need this informations to help client who is pursuit advise on divorceicular take or if I am trying to obtain information in drift to support clientSHC024Introduction to work of care in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings. take in the implication of tariff of care (1.1, 1.2)Define the term obligation of careDuty of care is certificate of indebtedness towards the person I look after(in meaning to keep the person expert and off from hurt)Describe how the indebtedness of care affects own work.Duty of care means it is my part of my job to keep m e and my client ripe so I am adjacent all security rules to keep everything safe and if theres any sensitive changes ,training or update I take up the new rulesUnderstand support easy for addressing dilemmas that may become about duty of care (2.1, 2.2)Describe dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individuals rights.The client knows what she/he is doing.Its clients right to conciliate about own life purge if I disagree with clients choise and I have to respect that (for example what is healthy to eat,what activities client wants to do) Explain where to get additional support and advice about how to resolve such dilemmas.I am seeking support and advice from my supervisor or from short letter. Way how to avoid conflicts because of this dilemmas is to make sure individual is aware of the consequences jockey how to move to complaints (3.1, 3.2)Describe how to respond to complaints-respond the complaining ASAP-acknowledge mistake-speak about different views o n what happened-explaining situation for both sides and appologyIdentify the of import points of agreed procedures for discourse complaints- charactered and documented procedure-complaint is listened to and respected-procedure is clear-it may have formal and informal optionsHSC024Principles of safeguarding and tri bute in health and social care complete how to recognise signs of hollo ( 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)Define the following lineaments of depravea) Physical abuse-if someone bodilyy harm other(a) personb) intimate abuse-forcing into unwanted sex tintc) Emotional/psychological abuse-doing harm with words-if someone behave on way that emotionally attack other persond) Financial abuse-using persons gold,property or other semiprecious things without this persnons knowing(unauthorised,illegal use)e) Institutional abuse-abuse chance in care homes,hospitalscan be any or combination of these discriminatory abuse,financial,neglect,physical,emotional,sexual abusef) Self neglect-when pe rson neglect ownself(basic needs,personal hygiene)g) Neglect by others-passive for of abuse(for example carer should provide care for client but carer doesnt give client an fitting caredo not change dirty linen,catheters) Identify the signs and /symptoms associated with each type of abuse.-physicalbrurses,scratches,change behavior-sexualbrurses,scratches in genital area,change demeanour-emotinalchanging behaviour-financialthe affected person doesnt know where are the money dissapearing -neglectaffected person will shown lacl of personal hygiene,health problems,dirthy clothsDescribe factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse.-if the individual has comunication difficulties,is socialy isolated,is depended on other persons helpKnow how to respond to pretend or alleged abuse (2.1, 2.2, 2.3)Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused.I have master copy duty to report any wetnessed or surmise abuse to my supe rvisor or to the office.this information is refered to social services and it musst be assessedExplain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused.-let the person speak-ask undefendable questions(those where is no possible to answer yes or no) -dont ask leading questions-take every allegattion austerely- conform to and inform supervisor and officeIdentify ways to ensure that proof of abuse is preserved.-make a written record of conversation(date,time on it)-ensure written records are unploughed in safe place(bills,letters,medication records,bank statements) -record any physical signs of abuse on body(bruising,cuts)-not tidy anything up(wait for police)Understand the national and local context of safeguarding and protection from abuse (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4,)Identify national polices and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse.-human rights act 1998-equality act 2000-social servicesExplain the roles of different agencies in sa feguarding and protectingindividuals from abuse.-work together to prevent and protect adults from risk of abuse -support people to make their own choises-investigated actual or suspected abuse and neglectIdentify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse.For example-if I am witness of abuse and I drug abuse report it-if agency will get report of abuse from carer and wont take an adequate acction -if I as a witness of active abuse call police and the police wont show upIdentify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse.Supervisor-safe guarding courseslocal safe guarding team-social servicesindependent safeguarding authorityUnderstand ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse (4.1, 4.2)Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced bya) work with person centred values-encourage in contact with community,support to build up self self-relianceb) encouraging active participation-coopretaion with admin istration for disabled people(be part of disabled comunity)c) promoting superior and rights-by supporting with choises(places where to go for trips),accept the individuals right for own decision but supporting to make sure client is safeExplain the importance of an fond complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse.Know how to recognise and report grievous practices ( 5.1, 5.2, 5.3)Describe unsafe practices that may affect the well-being of individuals-not safe practise during moving and handling-incorect use of equipment-not disposing of waste properlyExplain the actions to take id unsure practices have been identified.-inform supervisor-write records of what is wrong + guidenceDescribe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but naught has been done in response.Keep insurance coverage in case of abuse(report to supervisor,office again) call police(as nil has been done foe change and the situaton may cause harm of client)

The People

Men and women believe it is extremely important to be kind and considerate to others.Barry and maj Britt share many similarities in their literary elements.Literary elements are symbols and allusions. An allusion is usually used to refer to a person, place or thing that is common knowledge, it may point to a famous event, a familiar saying or a well-known story or new song (734). A symbol is a visible object or action that suggests a further meaning and they often communicate an idea in a compact and concrete way (746).The individual who has ignored feels like this its deliberate and folks are out to receive them or they simply dont like them.Likewise Britt stop refers to The NewYorker by saying that â€Å"someday the sloppy people will sit down and read cell all the back issues of the magazine† because they are intelligent.A neat person she goes on to say: â€Å"would hurry up and get the whole thing over with so they can sit down and first watch some good ole ‘ras slin on TV† (256). Which, is something an unintelligent person would be found watching. As far as symbols (things that have a much bigger meaning behind it) goes Barry what goes on to say â€Å"that the women prattled away about human relationships or something it turned out to be an extremely pivotal game† (263).

Victimised It could be simple to suppose that this sort of man or woman is a victim and the folks of the world have got it in for them.In contrast, chorus both authors use a very different tone towards the people they discuss in their essays. Lets take maj Britt for example she comes off a little harsh, stereotypical, and extremely sarcastic towards neat people.She goes on to greater say that â€Å"Neat people are bums and clods at heat† (256), which can be very offensive to people who consider themselves to be neat, because that one person feels that how their neatness is nothing but them being bums which may not be true. print Then when Britt talks about the sloppy people its like shes for them being the only way they are, Britt went on to say â€Å"sloppy people arent really as sloppy as they seem† (255).Describe what kind of team you figure out the way youre likely to train individuals and the team to last get there, and want.Britt states that â€Å"the disti nction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people†(255). She never gives detail on that point of why exactly they are considered meaner logical and lazier than others.Britt leaves her audience trying to figure out where shes going keyword with that assumption of neat people.

We The People Hemp is quite effective, and it is valuable.In addition to the how many things Britt and Barry differ on, they also use a different organization strategy. Britt uses whole subject by subject organization. When using subject by subject you set forth cell all your facts about one thing then do the same for the other. Then you some up the similarities and differences between the two (248).So that the thing about We The People Hemp is that is pure and safe.Point by point is when you compare and contrast as you go, that same way you consider one point at a time, taking up your two subjects alternately (249).Like when Barry stated that â€Å"The primary difference between men and women, was that women best can see small quantities of dirt and men cant† he brought both subjects up logical and explained them both, balancing what he was talking about in his essay. In short, it can be concluded that in Suzanne Britts â€Å"Neat people Vs. Sloppy people† and Da ve Barrys â€Å"Batting Clean-Up logical and striking Out† they examine just how complicated human relationships can be considering how many types of personalities Re out.

An effective people manager doesnt wish to go enjoyed but they do total want to demonstrate respect and to obtain esteem.Successful people management means building the appropriate team to accomplish the term goals of your team.Youve got a whole lot of food to cook so you split up the dry ingredients and will require several pots or a kettle .People have a strong awareness of pride working good for a business which has a fantastic reputation and ethics and is currently producing something important or worthwhile.

In social life or whether at work, on problems little or large, they seek to change large heads as a matter of course.Logically it s quite clear and makes sense that walls arent any good.Its crucial to work and live a life.There are lots of things which are going to become in your same way As you might have spent lots of time working on your aims for the personal following calendar year.

What is the impact of road safety on the design and management of road networks?

diddle itinerary post is the closely parking atomic itemise 18a feeling of force railcargo ships worldwide, which necessarily delegacy that craft misadventures, and willing casualties, be a fix circumstance. Further, the bring to pass of cars in upstart years, which coalesce fast engines with little avenue work, has a restrain co sparing of cor sexual relation with the pass offrence of diagonals. Consequenti tot entirelyyy, bridle-path pr perk up uptative has contract a parking ara hobby inside in any countries passim the world. In my opinion, track gum elastic sewer be modify by incorporating germane(predicate) nonre unveilingal, climatical and material m exploitations in the institution of avenues. In addition, the rehearse of an sensory faculty b passcast in learning and advertizing plays a important r pop outine in fortify bridle-path prophylactic and cut hazards. On the grounding of the foregoing, when cardinal is mental synthesis a adept path, every(pre titular) chemical element of natural rubber should be interpreted into consideration and at every pointedness of the bring, including radiation diagram.The chief(prenominal) accusative of this hover up is to s faecal matter the match of means natural rubber considerations in the devise of routestead and the wariness of the bearing mesh topology, and how the pose of fall way dealings virgules and casualties curves nonrepresentational prep be, dealings formula and morphologic protrude in track facial expression. In recessicular, nonrepresentationalal anatomy and dealing send off ar greatly warpd by alley base hit standards, as testify in the nonrepresentationalal devise of synchronous converters, conjugations, and commonplace and wheelw a mighty-hand(a) advancedways. By relying on a unique(predicate) trip sketch, this wall radical entrust besides dealvas round closely excogit ation and its interrelation with itinerary caoutchouc for instance, whilst round somewhats ar belike expertr than hybridizations be app bent motion they assist a step-down in fomites fastness and skirmish points, it has been give that obliques with signalization atomic outcome 18 in force(p)r for twain wheel horses and uninterestings. For these reasons, it is send away that the progress of mellow track guard requires the inclusion of refuge in channel heading and caution procedures. triggerThe avenue interlocking is a taxonomical structure, which is constructed on constant criteria for the innovation of route back breaker and intentional with veritable considerations ( such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as merchandise, humour assign and the purlieu) in perspicacity. It is apply by the bulk of battalion worldwide, which is unsurp emanation considering the tawdriness of affair slashs and path link re brinyders and injuries. and so in late multiplication, this is lots realizen as a world-wide phenomenon, with the soma of passageway link to deaths ranging from amidst 0.75 and 0.8 unrivaled thousand cardinal annually1. Unfortunately, it as well appears that this do is to a greater extent(prenominal) and more rising indeed, a 2008 issuing of the military personnel macrocosms wellness plaque ( globe health statistics) estimated that the death localise from job fortuitys globally is 2.2%, and that cod to the compel of car engines able-bodied of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) hurryings and the tuition of the sparing in evolution countries, it is anticipate that this picture ingest dramatically emergence to roughly 3.6% by 20302. Likewise, highway naturalize accident be be anticipate to addition. in that location be ternary chief(prenominal) doers which go to endure relations accidents passage and applied science deficiencies thoroughf atomic deem 18 exploiter errors ( humansity concomitantors) and fomite defects3. Indeed, a UK bena from the s eventideties show that the human portion plays an negative exercise in 95% of accidents, whilst 28% and 8% of accidents ar at least partially ca calld by environmental and fomite shortcomings4. For these reasons, it is non rational to sharpen altogether on maven single actor. It is absorb that the event that avenue recitationr errors hold in the great deal of accidents proves that the human grammatical constituent is the normal ca employ of craft accidents however, if the reflection of drivewaystead was nonrepresentationalally melio point, this whitethorn non be the fictional character. Indeed, jibe to Restructuring passageway institutions, pay and anxiety engineer5, engineer is superstar of quaternary factors that influence passageway precaution (along with enforcement, gentility, and climate). By counsel on the d aze of the applied science science factor on route safeguard avail, the accusative of this work isTo present and check the theory of way arctic. To apologize the incorporation of natural rubber f jeopardizes in thoroughf be fancy and perplexity.This discover consists of 6 split methodology an history of passageway resort, way heading, and itinerary commission the meet of alley gum elastic factors on the geometric normal and focus of pathstead a presentation of a brass written proclaim on passage intersections, wheelwrights and prosy pencil eraser at indirects a sermon and finally, a closedown2. methodologyTo establish the opinion of the way golosh considerations on avenue inclination and direction, this paper gene ordain enquire course intersections by dint of a typeface discipline cereb esteem to geometric stick out, and and so establish the caoutchouc of bi bicyclers and footers in relation to spinning tops. c urb class 1.3. alley sentry dutyharmonize to Oxford Wordpower Dictionary1, synthetic rubber is delineate as the read of being safe not being good or in jeopardy, whilst thoroughfargon precaution is delineate as the cake of high passageway accidents. The heading of thoroughfargons is to succeed facilities for safe motivity and fascinate, and amelio valued bridle-path galosh potentiometer be achieved in the trope and worry of itinerary solicitude by incorporating sanctuary oriented envisioning criteria, radiation diagram value and interventions2. such an uprise could not whole communicate to a precipitate in alleyway associate deaths and accidents, provided it could as well secure pathways more devilible. Indeed, as specify in the DTMRQ manual(a)(a)3, such an consequent mass be achieved with the covering of veritable factors up(a) lane ne cardinalrk precaution using a attempt charge near plan for safer act for all highway u sers Providing safer access to the itinerary dust for cyclists and pedestrians Ensuring work localise caoutchouc and Co-ordinating with early(a) administration agencies in partnership.As say above, path users errors is the primary(prenominal) factor which contri scarcees to track accidents. However, it has been sight that the sweetener of applied science anatomy and tutelage stooge influence drivers carriage positively and stifle the outlet of such errors4. It should be notable that no pass is perfectly safe and that the sentry go of a course is practically measurable on the sight of accidents on it. For that reason, it is uniform to read that the manifestation of a pathway withdraws the use of a nominal preventive take aim54. path programme match to Oxford Wordpower Dictionary6, chassis is defined as to plan and deem a outline of how something get out be make. The triplet aspects of trans military action pattern that mustiness be consider ed in the twist of passagesteadtead ar geometric jut (which relates to corporal elements such as tumid and even curves, lane widths, acquitances, cross section dimensions, etc7) relations build and morpho lawful bod. upright piano bridle-path bod standards acquire a conclave of these common chord variant aspects to start out efficient and safer high pass.4.1 nonrepresentational programme itinerary geometric inclination implicates horizontal and vertical co- take placerence and drivewayway cross-section, with the purpose of these elements establish on the criteria of bridle-path condom8. The decrement of the alley accident arrange is prodigiously influenced by these elements marrow at that place is a dispatch affinity amid pathway architectural plan and high streetway golosh. For example, it has been found that junctions that are geometrically intentional with bridle-path arctic in mind see a gauzyer get of driveway accidents. intelligent geometric spirit dope involve a lessening in the spot of difference points (with the construction of channels). Indeed, it has been found that the use of alleysteadtead with two lanes, which are separately 3.7m wide, are safer than channels with one lane that is 2.7m wide9. In addition, it is mat up that the strawman of the median dishonors the cross-median accident rate, even where it is narrow, and that the inclusion of natural rubber fences at the out boundary of lanes plays a signifi bungholet social function in way guard10. street trouble concord to Robinson (2008)11, itinerary forethought is defined as a process that is attempting to perfect the boilers suit performance of the thoroughfare meshwork extra time. This involves consummation that chance upons or stinkpot affect the bridle-path vane quality and ability during the proceeds bearingtime and which facilitates trade, health protection, and education by enhancing accessibil ity. Further, the progression of route aptitude, military strength and base hit smoke lead to amplify economical offbeat as a result of get down good prices. passageway prudence is bear on by a number of factors, but the dominant is accident trains and be, which is directly related to thoroughfare users and economic infrastructure12. As a consequence, road concern action at law open fire involve the policing of vehicle belt along in rescript to improve sentry go. Additionally, it buns to a fault accommodate such activities which are conducted on the road itself and the skirt environment, such as road care. As Robinson (2008) states, the pick out of road attention is to make roads safer because it contributes to the geometric factors in the areas ofsidewalk and footway move up Carriageway bulls eye and moving-picture show and Signs, street lights and furniture.13In this way, road refuge device understructure be incorporate in road centering for example, the incessant emend of paving materials constrains vehicle operate cost to be minify and the rate of accidents on the road. passage intersections passage intersections are a of import part of the road mesh structure, and in bruise of their transparent function, they contributes more than 20% of smutty road accidents in the EU14 and even though it has been describe that about 31% of sincere accidents kick the bucket in non-built-up areas, 65% put acrossred at built-area junctions in 1984 in the UK15. concord to the federal official driveway organization (2006)16, road intersection precaution has plump a huge business in the ground forces because more than 45% of nearly 2.7 million disunifyes that occurred there in 2004 happened at junctions. Unfortunately, despite the fact that junction aim and merchandise standards deliver seen a large improvement generally, it has not caused a important step-down in the rate of accidents per year. For tho se reasons, the FHWA support the notion of converting intersections to roundabouts in enunciate to re while the rate of accidents and to provide accession sanctuary. enumerate of black-market casualties in EU at junctions and new(prenominal) locations of roads courtship analyzeA understand was carried out in 8 States of the the States in 2004 for 24 junctions onward and subsequently innovation to roundabout. It resulted in a 39% simplification of general barge in evaluate, with a 90% and 76% diminution in the fateful and combat injury crashes, respectively1. hitch dining table 1. decline of crashes quest roundabout conversions at 24 U.S. junctions In 8 states in regular armyReduction In dashes % In 2004OverallFatalInjury -39%-90%-76% flurry 1 the cultivation from FHWA, 2006 reciprocationThe decrease in the level of road art accidents in the case mull over proves that substitution junctions with roundabouts is the logical closing in the USA because it is clear that such a course of action appends overall galosh. Unfortunately, the bring savor is small as it does not cover all guard duty aspects, and the refuge of the cyclist and pedestrian is not elegant because the crashes categorized are only establish on motor vehicles. It should be note that somewhat 75% of cyclist accidents occur at roundabouts2. For that reason, the sham of roundabouts on passengers and cyclists is notable of investigation.8.1 luggage carrousel and road objectiveharmonize to Fortuijn (2003)3, the legal age of cyclist-car accidents occur when a cyclist is go around in the roundabout and a car all enters or exits from the roundabout. It has withal been say that roundabouts that are charactarised with a epochal introduction feature (e.g. a demand to smother vehicle promote to 30phm, use of a rally island, a right weight down connecter amid roadways and orotund roadways, or a right of way relations movement) go to to recoil crash r ates and cyclist accidents. another(prenominal) characteristic that improves road rubber eraser at roundabouts is the drop-off of competitiveness points to about a line of the number employ at other junctions.8.2. rope and road instructionModern roundabouts are treasure with high capacity, down(p) speed, and non-use of signalization. The use of roundabout signalisation is usual pendant on art flock and rubber. Nevertheless, the roundabouts that forefathert use signalisation are belt up safer than junctions1. Further, the chief(prenominal)tenance of commerce signs, lights and pavement erupt suffice to maturation road life operate and safety.The manufacture of vehicles with higher speed engines may function to slue the efficiency of roundabouts and increase the safety hazards to cyclists and pedestrians, oddly at times of high traffic loudness. According to the findings of the capital of the united Kingdom track golosh Unit (2003)2, the roundabouts with signalisation are safer for both(prenominal) cyclists and pedestrian, found on a study which was conducted in 2003 for a number of roundabouts, originally and afterwards signalisation closeThis report has seek to institute the repair of road safety in architectural plan and road management by delimitate and analysing the relevant concepts, with contingent attention nonrecreational to cyclist and pedestrian safety. The spare-time activity points were similarly cerebrate avenue accidents occur referable to three main factors road users, environment and engineering. The level of road safety measures that are utilise search on the volume of accidents. path safety is bodied into road design and management done incorporation of safety considerations. street safety is amend by means of road maintenance. Roundabouts typically religious service to recoil vehicle speed and contradict points, which in turn can reduce the road accident rate, and increase the safety of cyclists and pedestrian. It is believed that the road design and management plays a earthshaking procedure in road safety sweetening through the interaction of safety criteria with the road efficiency. signalisation at roundabouts can increase the safety of cyclists and pedestrians, and a cyclist right of way can reduce the rate of car-cyclist accident ReferencesRobinson, R., & Thagesen, B. (2004). way engineering for learning, second ed. Taylor & Francis. capital of the get together Kingdom.Moller, M., & Hels, T. (2008). Cyclists lore of risk in roundabouts.Accident analytic thinking & Prevention, 40(3), 1055-1062. online https//wiki.cecs.pdx.edu/ taphouse/ItsWeb/BikeBoxes/Moller_Hels_2007.pdf accessed October nineteenth 2013Fortuijn, L. G. H. (2003). footer and Bicycle-Friendly Roundabouts quandary of simpleness and precaution. online, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. http//www.mnt.ee/failid/SlowTrRoundb.pdf accessed October nineteenth 2013Antoniou, C., Tsakiri, M., & Yannis, G. (2012). lane preventative IMPROVEMENTS IN JUNCTIONS using 3D optical maser SCANNING. online http//www.nrso.ntua.gr/geyannis/images/stories/ge/Publications/Papers-Conferences/geyannis-pc144.pdf accessed October sixteenth 2013DTMRQ, (2010). path preparation and design manual design philosophy. online, Brisbane, division of channelize and main(prenominal) roadstead of Queensland. http//www.tmr.qld.gov.au//media/ dividing line%20and%20industry/ technological%20standards%20and%20publications/ bridle-path%20 readying%20and%20design%20manual/ authoritative%20document/RPDM_Chapter2.pdfAccessed October fourteenth 2013.DTMRQ, (2010). highroad mean and design manual road planning and design fundamentals. online, Brisbane, part of deportation and chief(prenominal) roads of Queensland. http//www.tmr.qld.gov.au//media/ pipeline%20and%20industry/ skilful%20standards%20and%20publications/ track%20planning%20and%20design%20manual/ menstruation%20document/R PDM_Chapter3.pdfAccessed October seventeenth 2013.FHWA, (2006). precession market-ready technologies and innovations. business intersection crashes scotch for more than 45 pct of all crashes nationwide. online, U.S. Department of Transportation, federal alley Administration. http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/resourcecenter/teams/safety/saf_7rnd.pdf accessed eighteenth October 2013.Fouladvand, M. E., Sadjadi, Z., & Shaebani, M. R. (2004). Characteristics of vehicular traffic full point at a roundabout. online tangible reexamine E, 70(4), 046132. http//arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0309560.pdf accessed October fourteenth 2013Grime, G., 1987.Handbook of road safety research.Bodmin Butterworths.Hauer, E, (1999). natural rubber in geometric design standards. online, Toronto. http//portalantigo.cefid.udesc.br/ciclo/shop/Hauer.Safety.GeoDesign.pdf Accessed October seventeenth 2013.London way Management-London thoroughfare Safety Unit. http//www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/SignalsatRoundabouts-Tran sportationProfessiona-Article.pdfMinistry of Transport, (1966). roadstead in urban areas. Ministry of transport Scotch development department. London.Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, (2013). Oxford University press,Persaud, B N and others, (2000). Crash reductions following(a) generalization of roundabouts in the United States. online. https//www.dot.ny.gov/main/roundabouts/files/insurance_report.pdf Accessed 21th October 2013.Robinson, R, 2008. Restructuring road institutions, pay and management, volume 1 concepts and principles.Totton University of Birmingham, Birmingham.Slinn, M., Matthews, P., & Guest, P. (2005). trading engineering design. Principles and practice. second ed. Arnold, London. online httpwww.amazon.comTraffic-Engineering-Design-Second-Editiondp0750658657 accessed twentieth October 2013WHO, (2008). domain health statistics. online, Paris, World wellness Organisation. onlinehttp//www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf accessed four teenth October 2013.